Antoninianus of Probus (AD 276–282), struck at the mint of Cyzicus, belonging to issues produced during a period of intense military campaigns and consolidation of imperial authority following the Crisis of the Third Century. The coinage of Probus is notable for its diversity of types and strong military emphasis, highlighting his role as an active commander and defender of the empire.
The obverse features a left-facing bust of the emperor wearing a radiate crown, helmet, and cuirass, holding a spear and shield, with the legend VIRTVS PROBI AVG. This type represents one of the most dynamic iconographic variants, portraying the emperor as the embodiment of military virtue (virtus) and strength.
The reverse depicts Probus on horseback moving left, raising his right hand in a gesture of greeting (adventus), while holding a sceptre in the other; to the left stands a captive with hands bound behind his back. The scene is accompanied by the legend ADVENTVS PROBI AVG. This type refers to the ceremonial arrival of the emperor, typically following a successful military campaign.
The combination of the legends VIRTVS PROBI AVG and ADVENTVS PROBI AVG creates a coherent propagandistic message, presenting the emperor as a victorious commander whose virtue leads to triumphant return. The presence of the captive further reinforces the theme of victory and domination, making this issue a clear statement of imperial power and authority.
Roman Imperial
Probus (276–282), Antoninianus 276-282, Cyzicus mint
Obverse: radiate, helmeted and cuirassed bust left holding spear and shield
VIRTVS PROBI AVG
Reverse: Probus on horseback to left, raising his right hand in salute and holding scepter in his left, on left captive to left with hands bound behind his back
ADVENTVS PROBI AVG
Diameter 23 mm, weight 3.26 g
